Short answers, pulled from the story.
The port of Nagasaki was established in 1571 by Omura Sumitada, a converted Christian daimyo, under the supervision of Jesuit missionary Gaspar Vilela and Portuguese Captain-Major Tristao Vaz de Veiga. Its founding followed a permit granted by Omura in 1569 to give Portuguese ships a proper harbor on Kyushu.
The Boeing B-29 Bockscar, commanded by Major Charles Sweeney, dropped the plutonium bomb Fat Man on Nagasaki at 11:02 a.m. on the 9th of August 1945 after clouds blocked the primary target of Kokura. The bomb exploded at approximately 1,800 feet over the Urakami Valley, killing more than 35,000 people instantly and destroying much of the city's north.
Kokura, the primary target, was obscured by clouds and smoke when Bockscar arrived at 9:44 a.m. Workers at the Yahata steel plant had deliberately set fire to coal tar containers to produce black smoke after Yahata was firebombed the previous day. Running low on fuel after multiple failed visual bombing runs over Kokura, the crew diverted to Nagasaki.
Dejima was an artificial island constructed in Nagasaki harbour to house foreign traders during Japan's period of national seclusion. Portuguese traders lived there before being expelled from Japan after the Shimabara Rebellion of 1637; the Dutch were then moved from their base at Hirado onto Dejima and maintained their trade presence there through the Edo period.
The Twenty-Six Martyrs of Japan were Catholics ordered crucified in Nagasaki on the 5th of February 1597 by Toyotomi Hideyoshi. Hideyoshi acted after learning from the pilot of the wrecked Spanish ship San Felipe that Spanish Franciscans were supposedly advance agents of an Iberian invasion. The martyrs were later venerated by several Popes.
Tempura traces its origins to a Portuguese recipe called peixinhos da horta, introduced to Japan through Nagasaki's Portuguese trade. The name derives from the Portuguese word tempero, meaning seasoning, and from the tempora quadragesima, the forty days of Lent during which meat was forbidden and fish dishes were eaten instead.