Short answers, pulled from the story.
The NAACP was founded on the 12th of February 1909, a date chosen to mark the hundredth anniversary of Abraham Lincoln's birth. Its founders included W. E. B. Du Bois, Ida B. Wells, Mary White Ovington, Moorfield Storey, Henry Moskowitz, William English Walling, and Oswald Garrison Villard, among others.
NAACP stands for National Association for the Advancement of Colored People. The organization retains the name in accordance with tradition; colored people was a common and inclusive term at the time of founding for those with African ancestry.
The Niagara Movement was a predecessor organization formed in 1905 by thirty-two prominent African-American leaders who met in Fort Erie, Ontario, because U.S. hotels were segregated. It disbanded in 1910, and seven of its members joined the NAACP's board of directors. Historians consider it to have had a more radical platform than the NAACP.
The NAACP's Legal department, led by Charles Hamilton Houston and Thurgood Marshall, conducted a decades-long litigation campaign to overturn the separate-but-equal doctrine. That campaign culminated in the unanimous 1954 Supreme Court ruling in Brown v. Board of Education, which held that state-sponsored segregation of public elementary schools was unconstitutional.
The Crisis is a quarterly magazine published by the NAACP, launched in 1910. W. E. B. Du Bois served as its editor for the first twenty-four years. It carried news reporting as well as African-American poetry and literature, and Du Bois used it to encourage artistic responses to racial violence, including the campaign against lynching.
The NAACP is headquartered in Baltimore, Maryland, with regional offices in New York, Michigan, Georgia, Texas, Colorado, and California. Its non-current records, comprising approximately five million items from its founding through 2003, have been housed at the Library of Congress since 1964.