Short answers, pulled from the story.
Composer Enoch Sontoga wrote the Southern African national anthem Nkosi Sikelel' iAfrika in 1897. This single act marked a turning point where African, European, and Asian musical traditions began to merge following colonial arrival.
Shebeens arose in the black community because alcohol was sold secretly starting in 1927. These venues became the only place where people were allowed to express themselves freely and fostered the creation of Marabi by the early 1920s.
Ladysmith Black Mambazo took their first step into the international arena via Paul Simon on his Graceland album in 1986. Their first album Amabutho released in 1973 sold over 25,000 copies to become the first gold record by black musicians.
Kwaito originated in Soweto, Johannesburg, in the 1980s but went mainstream in the 1990s. Synthesizers and electronic instruments are common features of this slow-tempo house variation that defined stars like Trompies, Bongo Maffin, TKZee, Mandoza, and Boom Shaka.
Afrikaans music saw a resurgence in the 1980s through the Voëlvry movement. Johannes Kerkorrel and his Gereformeerde Blues Band spearheaded this artistic counter-culture hostile to National Party values.