Short answers, pulled from the story.
Muhammad Shah ascended the throne on the 18th of July 1719 at the age of 18. He was born Roshan Akhtar and was the son of Khujista Akhtar, the fourth son of Bahadur Shah I. The Sayyid Brothers of Barha thrust him into power as a figurehead under their strict supervision.
Muhammad Shah earned the nickname Rangila or the colorful one for transforming the imperial court into a vibrant theater of arts. He was a patron of performing arts who sacrificed administrative priorities for music and poetry, composing Indian classical raga songs under the pen name Sadrang. He also elevated Urdu to the official court language and reintroduced Qawwali to the imperial court.
Nader Shah captured Kabul in June 1738 and besieged Peshawar by November before capturing Lahore in January 1739. The Battle of Karnal resulted in a massacre of at least 30,000 people in Delhi after the masses attacked the Afsharid force. Muhammad Shah was forced to hand over his daughter Jahan Afruz Banu Begum and surrender the Peacock Throne along with the Daria-i-Noor and Koh-i-Noor diamonds.
Muhammad Shah died on the 26th of April 1748 due to grief after learning of the death of his general Qamaruddin Khan at the Battle of Manupur. He fasted and cried out loud for three days before his death, which marked the end of an era for the Mughal Empire. His tomb is located in an enclosure within the Nizamuddin Dargah complex.
Muhammad Shah's first wife was his first-cousin Princess Badshah Begum who died on the 14th of December 1789. She raised Ahmad Shah Bahadur, the son of Muhammad Shah's third wife Qudsia Begum, as her own son. Her efforts enabled Ahmad Shah to ascend the throne upon Muhammad Shah's death.