Short answers, pulled from the story.
Muhammad Ali Jinnah was born on the 25th of December 1876 in a rented apartment on the second floor of Wazir Mansion near Karachi, then within the Bombay Presidency of British India. His given name at birth was Mahomedali Jinnahbhai, and he was the eldest child of a wealthy merchant family originally from Gondal State in the Kathiawar peninsula.
Jinnah led the All-India Muslim League from 1913 and drove the political campaign for a separate Muslim state, including the passage of the Lahore Resolution on the 23rd of March 1940. He negotiated independence terms with the British Viceroy Lord Mountbatten and became Pakistan's first governor-general when the country gained independence on the 14th of August 1947. In Pakistan he holds the titles Quaid-e-Azam (Great Leader) and Baba-e-Qaum (Father of the Nation).
In the early decades of the 20th century, Jinnah was a prominent figure in the Indian National Congress and a leading advocate for Hindu-Muslim unity. He helped broker the 1916 Lucknow Pact between the Congress and the Muslim League, and political leader Sarojini Naidu described him as the "ambassador of Hindu-Muslim Unity." He resigned from the Congress in 1920 after it endorsed Gandhi's satyagraha campaign, which Jinnah regarded as political anarchy.
Jinnah's Fourteen Points were a set of constitutional reform proposals he put forward in 1928, calling for mandatory representation for Muslims in legislatures and cabinets. They were formulated in response to the Nehru Report, which favored geography-based constituencies over the religious separate electorates that Jinnah believed were necessary to give Muslims a political voice. The League meeting in Delhi at which he hoped to adopt them dissolved into chaotic argument before a vote could be taken.
On the 11th of August 1947, Jinnah addressed the constituent assembly in Karachi, declaring: "You are free; you are free to go to your temples, you are free to go to your mosques or to any other place of worship in this State of Pakistan... You may belong to any religion or caste or creed - that has nothing to do with the business of the State." He expressed the hope that in time Hindus and Muslims would cease to be defined by religion in the political sense and would be citizens of the state.
Jinnah died on the 11th of September 1948 at age 71, just over a year after Pakistan gained independence. He had suffered from tuberculosis since the 1930s, a condition he kept secret from the public, and he was also a heavy smoker who consumed more than 50 Craven A cigarettes a day for the previous 30 years. His sister Fatima Jinnah later wrote that even in his hour of triumph he was gravely ill and had totally neglected his health.