Short answers, pulled from the story.
The Moon formed approximately 50 million years after the origin of the Solar System. Isotope dating of lunar samples suggests this event occurred around that time following a collision between proto-Earth and Theia.
The newly formed Moon had its own magma ocean with an estimated depth ranging between 200 and 500 kilometers. This violent beginning explains why the Moon is smaller than Mercury but considerably larger than any dwarf planet in the Solar System.
The Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter measured the lowest summer temperatures in southern polar craters at minus 173 degrees Celsius. Parts of many polar craters remain permanently shadowed with temperatures reaching minus 238 degrees Celsius to allow water ice to persist for billions of years.
Humans first arrived on the surface on the 20th of July 1969 when Apollo 11 landed. Twelve astronauts walked across the surface between 1969 and 1972 during six successful landings.
Luna 9 achieved the first soft landing on the Moon in 1966 while Luna 10 performed orbital insertion that same year. The intentional impact of Luna 2 followed the 1959 flyby as part of early Soviet exploration efforts.