Short answers, pulled from the story.
Mohammad Reza Pahlavi became Shah of Iran on the 17th of September 1941, when he took the oath of office following the forced abdication of his father Reza Shah during the Anglo-Soviet invasion of Iran. He ruled until he was overthrown in the 1979 Islamic Revolution.
The White Revolution was a series of far-reaching reforms launched by Mohammad Reza Shah in 1963. It included land redistribution, nationalisation of key industries, women's right to vote, free and mandatory elementary education, and profit-sharing programmes for industrial workers.
The CIA, working with British intelligence, funded and directed Operation Ajax to remove Prime Minister Mohammad Mosaddegh. CIA officer Kermit Roosevelt Jr. coordinated the operation, providing $1 million in Iranian currency to bribe the Shah and $100,000 to pay pro-Shah partisans who marched on Tehran on the 19th of August 1953. Roosevelt also gave General Zahedi, the new prime minister, $900,000 left from Operation Ajax funds.
Mohammad Reza Shah left Iran for exile in January 1979 as the Islamic Revolution made his position untenable. The 1979 Guadeloupe Conference saw his Western allies conclude there was no feasible way to save the Iranian monarchy. He had told some Western contemporaries that he would rather leave than fire on his own people.
Mohammad Reza Shah died in Egypt on the 27th of July 1980. Egyptian president Anwar Sadat granted him political asylum after his exile from Iran.
Iran's economy grew substantially under Mohammad Reza Shah. Real GDP per capita nearly tripled between 1950 and 1979, from about $2,700 to about $7,700 in 2011 international dollars. Iran's economic growth rate reached 33% in 1973 and 40% the following year, and Iranian oil income spiked to $17.8 billion in 1974-1975.