Short answers, pulled from the story.
Mikhail Lomonosov was a Russian polymath who walked one hundred miles from his village of Mishaninskaya to Moscow in 1730. He sought admission to the Slavic Greek Latin Academy while carrying no money and wearing simple peasant clothes.
Mikhail Lomonosov established the law of conservation of matter in chemical reactions through experiments with hermetic glass vessels on the 5th of July 1748. His work proved that matter cannot be created or destroyed in closed systems decades before Antoine Lavoisier published similar findings.
Mikhail Lomonosov observed a brief brightening lasting about one second just before third contact during the transit of Venus on the 26th of May 1761. Modern researchers question whether this indicated an atmosphere around Venus but note discrepancies between his original diagrams and later reconstructions.
Mikhail Lomonosov published On The Strata of the Earth in 1763 which placed him before James Hutton traditionally regarded as founder of modern geology. He based conceptions on unity of Earth processes over time explaining the planet's past from present conditions including observations of iceberg formation.
Mikhail Lomonosov composed Ode on the Taking of Khotin in 1739 which became the first aesthetically indisputable example of accentual-syllabic verse in Russian literature history. He developed iambic tetrameter hexameter verse and ten-line odic stanzas with advocacy of the iamb winning out over Trediakovsky's arguments for trochee.