Short answers, pulled from the story.
The Middle Ages began in the year 476 with the deposition of Romulus Augustulus, the last emperor of the West. This event signaled the end of the Western Roman Empire and the start of a slow, grinding erosion of political unity across Europe.
Charlemagne was crowned emperor on Christmas Day 800, marking a turning point in medieval history. This coronation represented a return of the Western Roman Empire as he ruled over much of the area previously controlled by Western emperors.
The population of Europe grew from 35 million to 80 million between 1000 and 1347 during the High Middle Ages. This expansion was driven by improved agricultural techniques, a more clement climate, and a decline in slaveholding.
The Black Death arrived in Europe in 1347 and killed about 25 million people, which was approximately one-third of the European population. This catastrophe reshaped society, economy, and religion between 1347 and 1350.
The East West Schism occurred in 1054 when the papacy and the patriarchy of Constantinople clashed over papal supremacy. This formal break led to the division of Christianity into the Roman Catholic Church and the Eastern Orthodox Church.
The Late Middle Ages concluded with the beginning of the early modern period, marked by the invention of the printing press by Johannes Gutenberg in the 1450s. This invention revolutionized the spread of information and coincided with the Age of Discovery initiated by Christopher Columbus's first voyage to the Americas in 1492.