Short answers, pulled from the story.
Microsoft officially released Dynamics 365 on the 1st of November 2016. This release marked the transition from traditional on-premises installations to subscription-based cloud services.
Microsoft purchased Great Plains Software in April 2001 and Navision A/S on the 11th of July 2002. These acquisitions included Solomon Software and Axapta rights which laid the groundwork for the current suite.
Business Central officially launched on the 2nd of April 2018 following its codename Tenerife at the September 2017 Directions conference. The product evolved from Dynamics NAV through multiple versions including the 2009 release with the RoleTailored Client interface.
Dynamics AX contained nineteen core modules covering general ledger functions, production tracking, bank management, customer relationship management, and accounts receivable processes. Extended core modules added shop floor control, cost accounting, balanced scorecards, service management capabilities, payroll management, and expense tracking.
Microsoft acquired Robotic process automation software in May 2020 to expand desktop automation capabilities within the ecosystem. This acquisition complements Power Automate formerly known as Microsoft Flow until 2019 for implementing business processes.