Short answers, pulled from the story.
Imhotep was the first physician in history known by name and lived in the third millennium BCE in ancient Egypt. He served as an architect, priest, and vizier under Pharaoh Djoser before being deified as the god of medicine.
The Kahun Gynaecological Papyrus dates to around 2000 BCE and stands as the oldest known medical text. It describes gynaecological diseases and reveals that ancient Egyptian medicine utilized herbal remedies, animal parts, and minerals.
Paul Ehrlich discovered the first antibiotic arsphenamine, also known as Salvarsan, in 1908. This discovery occurred after he observed that bacteria took up toxic dyes that human cells did not.
Surgical training in the U.S. requires a minimum of five years of residency after medical school. Sub-specialties often require seven or more years of additional training.
The Cochrane Collaboration leads the evidence-based medicine movement to establish the most effective algorithms of practice. A 2001 review of 160 Cochrane systematic reviews revealed that 21.3% of the reviews concluded insufficient evidence.
Michael Servetus rediscovered the pulmonary circulation in 1546 and wrote it down for the first time in the Manuscript of Paris. He later published this discovery in a theological work in 1553, for which he paid with his life.