Short answers, pulled from the story.
The ancient Syrian city of Ebla produced medical texts dating back to 2500 BCE. These early records reveal that prehistoric medicine relied heavily on herbalism and animal parts used as ritualistic substances by priests or shamans.
Imhotep served as the first physician known by name during the third millennium BCE. He is associated with the Edwin Smith Papyrus from 1600 BCE which stands as an early work on surgery in Egypt.
Louis Pasteur developed vaccines alongside Edward Jenner who discovered the smallpox vaccine at the end of the 18th century. This collaboration contributed significantly to modern immunology and disease prevention strategies.
Surgical training in the United States requires a minimum of five years of residency after medical school. Sub-specialties often require seven or more years of additional training beyond general surgery making total surgical training exceed a decade after medical school.
Veterinary medicine was truly separated from human medicine in 1761 when Claude Bourgelat founded the world first veterinary school in Lyon France. This separation established distinct professional pathways for animal care and human health.