Short answers, pulled from the story.
Max Born won the 1954 Nobel Prize in Physics for his fundamental research in quantum mechanics, specifically for his statistical interpretation of the wavefunction. He published this interpretation in July 1926, establishing that the square of the wave function gives the probability of finding a particle in a given location.
Born was suspended from his professorship at the University of Gottingen in May 1933 after the Nazi Party came to power in January of that year. Born, who came from a Jewish family, was one of six Jewish professors suspended with pay. In November 1935, his family's German citizenship was revoked, and Gottingen subsequently cancelled his doctorate.
The Born-Haber cycle is a method for analysing how an ionic compound forms when a metal reacts with a halogen. It arose from a chance meeting between Born and Fritz Haber in Berlin in November 1918, within days of the armistice ending World War I, when the two discussed the energetics of that chemical process.
Born was central to transforming Werner Heisenberg's 1925 paper on quantum theory into the formal language of matrix mechanics. When Heisenberg gave Born the paper on the 9th of July 1925, Born recognised it could be transcribed using matrices. With his assistant Pascual Jordan, he submitted their reformulation for publication just 60 days later. Born identified the non-commutative matrix equation for momentum and position as his own contribution, and considered the paper with Jordan to contain the most important principles of quantum mechanics.
Robert Oppenheimer, Maria Goeppert Mayer, Max Delbruck, Pascual Jordan, Victor Weisskopf, and Friedrich Hund were among those who earned Ph.D. degrees under Born at Gottingen. His assistants there included Enrico Fermi, Werner Heisenberg, Wolfgang Pauli, Edward Teller, and Eugene Wigner. Goeppert Mayer and Delbruck both later won Nobel Prizes.
In a letter to Born on the 4th of December 1926, Einstein wrote that quantum mechanics was imposing but that an inner voice told him it was "not yet the real thing," adding that he was convinced that He, referring to God, was "not playing at dice." This remark is commonly shortened to "God does not play dice." Despite this disagreement, Einstein nominated Born, Heisenberg, and Jordan together for the Nobel Prize in 1928.