Short answers, pulled from the story.
Match fixing is the act of playing or officiating a sports contest with the intention of achieving a predetermined result, violating the rules of the game and often the law. Motivations include receiving bribes from gamblers, gaining a competitive advantage such as a better draft pick, or manipulating standings to face weaker opponents.
The Black Sox Scandal of 1919 involved several members of the MLB's Chicago White Sox conspiring with gamblers to fix that year's World Series for monetary gain. In response, Major League Baseball established the office of the Commissioner of Baseball, and one of Kenesaw Mountain Landis's first acts was to ban all involved players for life.
Three Pakistani players, captain Salman Butt, Mohammad Asif, and Mohammad Amir, were convicted on the 1st of November 2011 of conspiracy to cheat at gambling and to accept corrupt payments from bookmaker Mazhar Majeed during the Lord's test match against England. Jail terms were handed down on the 3rd of November 2011: 30 months for Butt, one year for Asif, six months for Amir, and two years and eight months for Majeed. The International Cricket Council also banned Butt for ten years, Asif for seven, and Amir for five.
Both Thailand and Indonesia had already qualified for the semi-finals, and both stood to benefit by finishing second in their group to avoid playing host nation Vietnam in Hanoi. Neither team showed interest in scoring, and Indonesian defender Mursyid Effendi deliberately scored an own goal in stoppage time. Both teams were fined $40,000 and Effendi was banned from international football for life.
The sponsor Geritol pressured production company Barry and Enright Productions to arrange outcomes for better ratings. Champion Herbert Stempel was instructed to deliberately lose to Charles Van Doren by answering specific questions incorrectly, including misidentifying the Best Picture winner at the 28th Academy Awards. The scandal led to a federal law prohibiting broadcasters from airing fixed contests resembling any game of chance or intellectual skill.
In the 1933 Tripoli Grand Prix, the winning number of a lottery was tied to the number of the race-winning car. A lottery ticket holder who held the number belonging to driver Achille Varzi contacted him and agreed to share the winnings if Varzi won. Varzi arranged for other drivers to deliberately underperform, and despite a poor start he won the race after his opponents let him through.