Short answers, pulled from the story.
Marshall Space Flight Center was officially created on the 1st of July 1960 from the former Redstone Arsenal near Huntsville, Alabama. Its dedication ceremony took place two months later on the 8th of September 1960, with a speech by President Eisenhower. Wernher von Braun was appointed its first NASA director.
Marshall developed the entire Saturn family of rockets for the Apollo program, including the Saturn I, Saturn IB, and Saturn V. The Saturn V remains the largest and most powerful launch vehicle ever brought to operational status by combined height, weight, and payload. Marshall also led development of propulsion for the Space Shuttle and, later, the Space Launch System.
Wernher von Braun served as Marshall’s first NASA director from the 1st of July 1960 to the 27th of January 1970. Before founding Marshall, he led the German missile specialists who came to the United States under Operation Paperclip after World War II and directed rocket development at both Fort Bliss and Redstone Arsenal. His deputy for research and development was Eberhard Rees, a former associate from Germany.
Space Shuttle Challenger was destroyed on the 28th of January 1986-73 seconds after launch on mission STS-51-L, when an O-ring failure in the right solid rocket booster allowed a flame to burn through the external tank. Marshall held responsibility for the solid rocket boosters. A complete redesign and extensive testing of the boosters followed, and no Shuttle flew in the remainder of 1986 or throughout 1987. Flights resumed with STS-26 in September 1988.
Marshall was responsible for the design, development, and construction of the Hubble Space Telescope. Congress funded the project in 1978, and the project scientist was C. Robert O’Dell of the University of Chicago. After Hubble launched in April 1990 with a flawed primary mirror, astronauts trained for every repair mission in Marshall’s Neutral Buoyancy Facility, a 75-foot-diameter water tank used to simulate weightlessness.
The Chandra X-ray Observatory was designed, developed, and built at Marshall Space Flight Center. Originally called the Advanced X-ray Astrophysics Facility, it was renamed Chandra in 1998 and launched on the 23rd of July 1999, as the heaviest payload a Space Shuttle had ever carried at roughly 22,700 kilograms. Its angular resolution of 0.5 arcseconds is a thousand times better than that of the first orbiting X-ray telescopes. It is operationally managed by the Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory.