Short answers, pulled from the story.
Mamluks were slave-soldiers purchased by the Abbasid caliph al-Mu'tasim in the 9th century to serve as his personal guard. These men originated from Central Asia and the Eurasian Steppe before being brought to Baghdad for military training.
The Battle of Ain Jalut took place in 1260 near the Orontes River where the Mamluk army defeated a Mongol force led by Kitbuqa. The Mamluks routed approximately 18,000 men and executed their lieutenant after drawing them into an ambush.
Ottoman forces under Selim captured Cairo on the 20th of January 1517 ending the Mamluk Sultanate's sovereignty over Egypt. Although the Ottomans retained mamluks as a ruling class, the political structure changed significantly following this conquest.
On the 1st of March 1811 Muhammad Ali invited leading mamluks to his palace before killing almost all of them near the Al-Azab gates. This event resulted in the deaths of more than 1,000 individuals within the citadel alone and an estimated 3,000 throughout Egypt.