Short answers, pulled from the story.
The Mahabodhi Temple is located in Bodh Gaya, Bihar, India. It marks the spot where the Buddha is said to have attained enlightenment under the Bodhi Tree, and has been a major pilgrimage destination for Buddhists for over two thousand years.
Emperor Ashoka built the original temple at Bodh Gaya in around 260 BCE. The pyramidal structure visible today dates primarily from the Gupta Empire in the 5th-6th century CE, though elements such as the Vajrasana throne date to approximately 250-233 BCE.
The Vajrasana, also called the Diamond Throne, is a stone throne placed by Emperor Ashoka at the foot of the Bodhi Tree between 250 and 233 BCE. It marks the exact location where the Buddha attained enlightenment and remains an active site of worship and festivity.
The central tower of the Mahabodhi Temple rises 55 metres, or approximately 180 feet. It is surrounded by four smaller towers constructed in the same style and was heavily renovated in the 19th century.
The Mahabodhi Temple was designated a UNESCO World Heritage Site in June 2002. UNESCO describes it as one of the earliest and most imposing structures built entirely in brick from the Gupta period, spanning roughly 300-600 CE.
Anagarika Dharmapala was a Buddhist activist who, in 1891, found the Mahabodhi Temple controlled by a Shaiva Hindu priest with Buddhists barred from worship. He founded the Maha Bodhi Society and filed a lawsuit to restore Buddhist control; the campaign succeeded partially in 1949, sixteen years after his death in 1933.