Short answers, pulled from the story.
Siddhartha Gautama attained enlightenment around 589 BCE beneath a peepul tree on the forested banks of the Phalgu river near Gaya. This event marked the spot where the Buddha gained omniscient wisdom and established Bodh Gaya as a sacred location.
The current pyramidal structure dates from the Gupta Empire in the 5th to 6th century CE. The temple is constructed entirely of brick covered with stucco, making it one of the oldest surviving brick structures in eastern India.
Bodh Gaya was invaded and destroyed by Muslim Turk armies led by Qutb al-Din Aibak and Bakhtiyar Khilji during the 12th century CE. The Mahabodhi Temple fell into disrepair and was largely abandoned after these events.
Anagarika Dharmapala founded the Maha Bodhi Society in Colombo in 1891 to campaign for Buddhist control after finding the temple controlled by a Saivite priest. A lawsuit against Brahmin priests eventually succeeded after Indian independence in 1947, transferring control to the state government of Bihar in 1949.
The Mahabodhi Temple became a UNESCO World Heritage Site in June 2002. The site is managed by the Bodh Gaya Temple Management Committee which includes representatives from both Hindu and Buddhist communities.