Short answers, pulled from the story.
Louis Philippe I was King of the French from 1830 to 1848. Born on the 6th of October 1773, he was the only French monarch from the Orléans branch of the Bourbon family, and the last French king to bear the title "King" rather than emperor or president.
Louis Philippe I earned the nickname the Citizen King because of his unpretentious governing style. He avoided the pomp and lavish spending of his predecessors, cultivated an image of simplicity, and had a personal history of working as a schoolteacher and living modestly during his years of exile.
Louis Philippe I came to power after the July Revolution forced his distant cousin Charles X to abdicate. Charles X named Louis Philippe Lieutenant général du royaume and asked him to present his grandson's succession to the Chamber of Deputies, but Louis Philippe did not carry out that request. The Chamber then proclaimed Louis Philippe king on the 9th of August 1830.
Louis Philippe lived across multiple countries during his exile from 1793 to 1815. He worked as a schoolteacher in Reichenau, Switzerland; spent roughly a year in Muonio, Lapland; travelled through the United States between about 1796 and 1798, visiting Philadelphia, New York, and Boston; and spent a year in Cuba before eventually settling in England, where he taught at the Great Ealing School.
On the 28th of July 1835, a Corsican ex-soldier named Giuseppe Mario Fieschi fired a homemade weapon called the Machine infernale from the third floor of 50 Boulevard du Temple as Louis Philippe's procession passed below. The device consisted of 25 gun barrels arranged to fire simultaneously. Eighteen people were killed, including Marshal Mortier, but a ball only grazed the king's forehead. Fieschi and his two co-conspirators were executed by guillotine the following year.
Louis Philippe I abdicated on the 24th of February 1848 during the February Revolution, triggered by an industrial and agricultural depression that had begun in 1846. He fled Paris in an ordinary cab under the name "Mr. Smith" and escaped to England with his wife via a packet boat arranged by the British consul at Le Havre. He died in exile at Claremont, Surrey, on the 26th of August 1850.