Short answers, pulled from the story.
Louis Pasteur was a French chemist, pharmacist, and microbiologist, born on the 27th of December 1822 and died on the 28th of September 1895. He is renowned for his discoveries of the principles of vaccination, microbial fermentation, and pasteurization, and is honored as the father of bacteriology and the father of microbiology.
Pasteurization is a process Louis Pasteur invented in which liquids such as milk are heated to a temperature between 60 and 100 degrees Celsius to kill most bacteria and moulds. Pasteur developed it after showing that microorganisms spoiled beverages such as beer, wine, and milk, and he patented the process to fight the diseases of wine in 1865.
Louis Pasteur disproved spontaneous generation using swan neck flasks, where air entered through a long curving tube that trapped dust, and nothing grew in the broth unless it was tilted to touch the contaminated neck. He showed organisms came from outside on dust rather than arising on their own, and won the Alhumbert Prize carrying 2,500 francs in 1862.
Louis Pasteur first gave the rabies vaccine to a human on the 6th of July 1885, treating 9-year-old Joseph Meister after the boy was badly mauled by a rabid dog. Over 11 days Meister received 13 inoculations, and three months later Pasteur found him in good health.
Louis Pasteur told his family in 1878 never to reveal his laboratory notebooks, and they passed down in secrecy until being donated in 1964 and catalogued only in 1985. Analysis showed he gave misleading accounts, including claiming a live anthrax vaccine at Pouilly-le-Fort when he used a potassium dichromate-killed vaccine, and claiming 50 dogs were tested for rabies when the notebooks showed only 11.
Louis Pasteur resolved the puzzle of tartaric acid in 1848 by showing that tartrate crystals came in right-handed and left-handed forms that bent polarized light in opposite directions. This was the first demonstration of molecular chirality and the first explanation of isomerism, work some historians call his greatest scientific discovery.