Short answers, pulled from the story.
John Lackland was granted the title of Lord of Ireland in May 1177 at the Oxford parliament. He was ten years old at the time and received the Irish lands from his father Henry II to resolve a family dispute.
The authority of the Lordship of Ireland was restricted to the Pale around Dublin and a few provincial towns like Cork, Limerick, and Waterford. The rest of the island known as Gaelic Ireland remained under the control of various Gaelic Irish kingdoms and chiefdoms.
Henry VIII changed his title because the Lordship of Ireland had been granted to the Norman monarchy by the Papacy and he had been excommunicated by the Catholic Church. He feared that his title could be withdrawn by the Holy See and wanted Ireland to become a full kingdom to encourage loyalty.
Historians refer to a Gaelic revival or resurgence as occurring between 1350 and 1500. By this time the area ruled for the Crown known as the Pale had shrunk to a small area around Dublin.
The rebellion by the ninth Earl's heir Silken Thomas in 1535 led on to a less sympathetic system of rule by mainly English-born administrators. This event contributed to the end of the rebellion and Henry VIII's seizure of the Irish monasteries around 1540.