Short answers, pulled from the story.
The original signatories of the 1557 First Band were the Earl of Argyll, his brother Colin Campbell, the Earl of Glencairn, the Earl of Morton, and John Erskine of Dun. They styled themselves "the Faithful" and pledged to advance the Protestant Reformation in Scotland.
The First Band was a covenant signed in December 1557 committing its signatories to making Scotland Protestant. It was prompted in part by opposition to the planned marriage of Mary, Queen of Scots, to the Dauphin of France.
The Treaty of Berwick, concluded in February 1560, brought an English army into Scotland to resist French troops on behalf of the Lords of the Congregation. The resulting Siege of Leith ended with the death of Regent Mary of Guise and the Treaty of Edinburgh in July 1560, clearing the way for the Scottish Parliament to enact the Reformation in August 1560.
The Confederate Lords were Scottish nobles who opposed Mary, Queen of Scots, in 1567 after she married James Hepburn, Earl of Bothwell, following her abduction by him. A Bond for the Queen's Safety was signed at Stirling on the 1st of May 1567 by the Earls of Atholl, Argyll, Mar, and Morton, among others, and they defeated Mary at the battles of Carberry Hill and Langside.
The Confederate Lords issued three proclamations in June 1567, printed by Robert Lekprevik in Edinburgh as single-sided broadsides for public display. The first declared martial law on the 11th of June, the second condemned Bothwell on the 12th of June, and the third called for Bothwell's capture on the 26th of June.
The Congregation received religious guidance from John Knox, the English reformer Christopher Goodman, John Willock, and Alexander Gordon, Bishop of Galloway. Knox and William Kirkcaldy of Grange also compiled key personnel lists of the movement's membership.