Short answers, pulled from the story.
The Local Interstellar Cloud, also called the Local Fluff, is an interstellar cloud roughly 30 light-years across through which the Solar System is moving. It is uncertain whether the Sun is still fully inside the LIC or has entered a transition zone between the LIC and the neighboring G-Cloud.
The Solar System is estimated to have entered the Local Interstellar Cloud within the past 10,000 years. A recent analysis suggests the Sun will completely exit the LIC in no more than 1,900 years.
The Local Interstellar Cloud has a temperature of about 7,000 Kelvin, roughly the same as the surface of the Sun. Despite this high temperature, its specific heat capacity is very low because its density is only about 0.3 hydrogen atoms per cubic centimeter.
In 2009, Voyager 2 data suggested the magnetic strength of the local interstellar medium was much stronger than expected, in the range of 370 to 550 picoteslas against previous estimates of 180 to 250 picoteslas. This strong magnetization may explain why the Local Interstellar Cloud continues to exist despite the pressures from winds that formed the surrounding Local Bubble.
The Local Interstellar Cloud is flowing outward from the Scorpius-Centaurus association, a star-forming region and stellar association. Its direction of flow is roughly perpendicular to the Sun's own path through the galaxy.
The Interstellar Boundary Explorer, known as IBEX, is a NASA satellite mapping the boundary between the Solar System and interstellar space. It is actively studying how the heliosphere interacts with the Local Interstellar Cloud.