Short answers, pulled from the story.
Life is matter that has biological processes, yet defining it remains one of science's most stubborn puzzles. The script states that life is matter that has biological processes, but the lack of consensus means every new discovery forces a reevaluation of the boundaries of the living world.
Life on Earth has existed for at least 3.5 billion years, with the oldest physical traces dating back 3.7 billion years. The earliest evidence includes biogenic graphite found in 3.7 billion-year-old metasedimentary rocks from Western Greenland and microbial mat fossils from 3.48 billion-year-old sandstone in Western Australia.
Aristotle developed the theory of hylomorphism, which asserted that living things have both matter and form, with the form being the soul. He categorized souls into three types: the vegetative soul of plants, the animal soul, and the rational soul found only in humans.
All living things are composed of biochemical molecules formed mainly from carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, oxygen, phosphorus, and sulfur. These elements make up nucleic acids, proteins, and lipids, which are the bulk of living matter.
Spores of Aspergillus niger have been detected in the mesosphere at an altitude of 48 to 77 kilometers. Life forms have been observed to survive in the vacuum of space, and microbes thrive in the deep Mariana Trench and inside rocks kilometers below the sea floor.