Short answers, pulled from the story.
Lev Davidovich Landau was born on the 22nd of January 1908 in Baku, which was then part of the Russian Empire. His family moved to Baku from Mogilev and both parents had graduated from the same gymnasium there.
Lev Landau developed a comprehensive examination known as the Theoretical Minimum between 1934 and 1961. Only forty-three candidates successfully passed this rigorous test during that period before becoming notable theoretical physicists themselves.
Soviet authorities arrested Lev Landau on the 27th of April 1938 after police seized a leaflet comparing Stalinism to German Nazism and Italian Fascism. He remained imprisoned within the NKVD's Lubyanka prison facility for over a year until gaining freedom on the 29th of April 1939 following interventions by Pyotr Kapitsa.
Landau received the 1962 Nobel Prize in Physics for developing a mathematical theory of superfluidity. His work explained properties of liquid helium II at temperatures below 2.17 Kelvin or minus 270.98 degrees Celsius through discoveries involving phonons and rotons.
Lev Landau suffered severe injuries from a collision with an oncoming truck on the 7th of January 1962 which permanently ended his scientific creativity. Complications from these injuries prevented him from accepting the Nobel Prize in person that year before he died six years later on the 1st of April 1968 at age sixty.