Short answers, pulled from the story.
The first lawyers appeared in ancient Athens around the middle of the fourth century BC. These early orators were forbidden from charging fees and had to plead their own cases under strict rules. They could never organize into a real profession because the law prohibited taking money to plead the cause of another.
Emperor Claudius abolished the ban on fees for lawyers in the first century AD. He allowed advocates to become the first lawyers who could practice openly while imposing a fee ceiling of 10,000 sesterces. This change marked the true birth of the paid legal profession in Roman history.
The legal profession returned to Western Europe between 1190 and 1230 when some men began to practice canon law as a lifelong profession. By 1250, the nucleus of a new legal profession had clearly formed with oaths of admission mandated by French councils in 1231 and 1237. The civil courts in England joined this trend in 1275 when a statute prescribed punishment for professional lawyers guilty of deceit.
A barrister is a lawyer who typically specializes in arguing before courts, particularly in higher courts. A solicitor is a lawyer who prepares cases and gives advice on legal subjects, obtaining facts from the client and briefing a barrister. In England and Wales, the usual division of labor ensures that a solicitor files pleadings while a barrister orally argues the case.
The law school of the University of Bologna was the first university to grant law degrees and doctorates in the 11th century. This practice started the tradition of addressing lawyers with the title of doctor in many southern European countries including Portugal, Italy, and Malta. The title of doctor has traditionally not been used to address lawyers in England or other common law countries.
China enacted a comprehensive reform package in 1996 to establish lawyers after having only poorly trained, state-employed legal workers prior to that date. Communist countries historically went the farthest towards total state control, with all communist lawyers forced to practice in collectives by the mid-1950s. The People's Republic of China did not have lawyers before this 1996 reform.