Short answers, pulled from the story.
Baron Hampstead suggested in 1972 that no universally acceptable definition of law could be produced. This statement captures the enduring debate surrounding what constitutes a legal system.
The ancient Sumerian ruler Ur-Nammu formulated the first known law code around the 22nd century BC using casuistic statements. King Hammurabi developed Babylonian law further by inscribing his code onto stone stelae around the 1760th year before Christ for public viewing.
Henry II appointed judges in medieval England during the late 12th century to create a unified system common to the entire country. The English Court of Common Pleas had only five judges in 1297 while France's highest court held fifty-one.
Canon law governs Catholic Eastern Orthodox and Anglican churches internally through councils adopting rules called canons. The Catholic Church maintains the oldest continuously functioning legal system in the western world predating modern European systems.
Max Weber believed bureaucratic support defined developed states by early 20th century. Bureaucracy derives from French bureau meaning office and Greek kratos meaning power.