Short answers, pulled from the story.
Luna 9, launched by the Soviet Union, became the first spacecraft to achieve a soft lunar landing in 1966. It also transmitted photographic data back to Earth, the first time that had been done from the lunar surface.
A lander makes a soft landing and remains functional after reaching the surface of an astronomical body. An impactor makes a hard landing that damages or destroys the probe upon impact; the collision itself is often the scientific experiment.
India was the first to soft-land at the lunar south pole, achieving this on the 23rd of August 2023 with the Vikram lander as part of the Chandrayaan-3 mission. It touched down close to the crater Manzinus U.
The Soviet Mars 3 probe conducted the first soft landing on Mars in 1971. Communication was lost within a minute of touchdown, which occurred during one of the worst global dust storms recorded since telescopic observations of Mars began.
Huygens, carried to Saturn's moon Titan by the Cassini spacecraft, was designed to survive landing on either solid ground or liquid. It landed in 2005 and, thanks to a low-speed impact, continued transmitting data for more than two hours, far exceeding its three-minute design minimum. That landing remains the only one ever made on any moon other than Earth's.
Philae was set down on comet Churyumov-Gerasimenko on the 12th of November 2014 by the Rosetta probe. The comet's gravity is extremely low, so the landing system included a harpoon launcher designed to fire a cable into the surface and anchor the lander in place.