Short answers, pulled from the story.
The foundations of the present fort were laid in 1566 during the reign of Emperor Akbar. Most of what stands today was rebuilt in the 17th century, when the Mughal Empire was at the height of its wealth and splendor.
Emperor Aurangzeb, the last of the great Mughal emperors, built the Alamgiri Gate in 1674. Its semi-circular bastions and lotus-petal base carvings made it a widely recognized symbol of Lahore, and its image once appeared on Pakistani currency.
Lahore Fort was inscribed as a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 1981 for its outstanding repertoire of Mughal monuments from the empire's artistic and aesthetic peak. It was added to the list alongside the Shalimar Gardens.
The Sheesh Mahal, or Palace of Mirrors, is a marble pavilion built in 1631-32 by Mirza Ghiyas Begh, grandfather of Mumtaz Mahal, under Emperor Shah Jahan. Its walls are decorated with frescoes, pietra dura inlay, and mirror-work known as aina-kari.
Rudyard Kipling named his home in Vermont Naulakha after the Naulakha Pavilion inside Lahore Fort. The pavilion, completed in 1633, cost around 900,000 rupees, the Urdu word for that sum.
During Sikh rule, Lahore Fort became the residence of Maharaja Ranjit Singh, founder of the Sikh Empire, who took the fort from the Bhangi Misl in 1799. The Sikhs added structures including the Hazuri Bagh, the Sehdari and Ath dara pavilions, and the Naag Temple, and displayed the Koh-i-Noor diamond inside the Sheesh Mahal.