Short answers, pulled from the story.
The name Kurd first appeared in Assyrian records as a toponym for an area near the upper Tigris basin. Ancient Sumerian tablets from the 3rd millennium BC mention a land called Kar-da-ka which some scholars link to early Kurdish ancestors.
Current scholarly consensus holds that no attested pre-modern ancestor of the Kurdish language exists before the 16th century CE. Extant Kurdish texts date back only to the 16th century CE and no unambiguous evolution of Kurdish from Middle Iranian has been established by linguists.
Yazidism stands as the largest non-Islamic religion with 700,000 to one million followers worldwide. This monotheistic ethnic religion centers on belief in one God who entrusted creation to seven Holy Beings led by Tawûsê Melek symbolized by a peacock.
Saladin founded the Ayyubid dynasty in 1171 which expanded across Egypt Syria Yemen and southeastern Anatolia until Mongol invasions ended it in 1341. He led Muslim forces to recapture Jerusalem at the Battle of Hattin while frequently clashing with Assassins.
The Treaty of Sèvres proposed establishing an independent Kurdistan in 1920 but was never ratified following World War I. Kemal Atatürk prevented implementation while Turkey suppressed revolts in 1925 1930 and 1937 1938.
Chemical weapons were repeatedly used including the infamous attack on Halabja in 1988 which killed five thousand people instantly. Ground offensives aerial bombing systematic settlement destruction mass deportation firing squads marked the campaign.