Short answers, pulled from the story.
Kleshas are mental states that cloud the mind and manifest in unwholesome actions. They include anxiety, fear, anger, jealousy, and desire, and are translated into English variously as afflictions, defilements, destructive emotions, or mind poisons.
The three poisons are ignorance, attachment, and aversion. They are considered the root of all other kleshas in both the Mahayana and Theravada traditions, where they are also called the three unwholesome roots.
The five poisons are ignorance, attachment, aversion, pride, and envy. They expand on the three poisons by adding pride, defined as an inflated opinion of oneself, and envy, defined as the inability to bear the accomplishments of others.
The Abhidhamma Pitaka's Dhammasangani and Vibhanga enumerate ten defilements: greed, hatred, delusion, conceit, wrong views, doubt, torpor, restlessness, shamelessness, and recklessness. The Vibhanga also preserves a shorter eightfold list drawn from the first eight.
The fifth-century commentator Buddhaghosa described the Wheel of Becoming as a cycle of three rounds: defilements, karma, and results. Kleshas in the form of ignorance, craving, and clinging drive the wheel, which he said spins forever as long as the round of defilements is not cut off.
All Buddhist schools teach that Tranquility (Samatha) meditation pacifies kleshas without eradicating them, while Insight (Vipassana) meditation illuminates their true nature. When the empty nature of the self and mind is fully understood, the disturbing emotions lose their power to distract the mind.