Short answers, pulled from the story.
Afonso Henriques was acclaimed King of the Portuguese on the 26th of July 1139. This event followed a battle known as Ourique and marked the first stage of independence from the Kingdom of León.
Alfonso VII of León and Castile signed the Treaty of Zamora on the 5th of October 1143 to recognize Afonso Henriques as king. The document granted official recognition in the eyes of neighboring Christian powers before Pope Alexander III issued the Papal Bull Manifestis Probatum in 1179.
The House of Aviz rose to the throne following the crisis year of 1383 which triggered a succession struggle. Every monarch who followed remained descended from Afonso I through legitimate or illegitimate bloodlines creating continuous dynastic continuity.
The Kingdom of Portugal existed in personal union with Habsburg Spain from 1580 until 1640 when the War of Restoration began. The conflict lasted until 1668 resulting in the restoration of independence under the House of Braganza.
King Charles and Prince Royal Luís Filipe were assassinated in Lisbon on the 1st of February 1908 leading to political instability. This regicide event allowed Republicanism to gain dominance and resulted in the revolution that established the First Portuguese Republic on the 5th of October 1910.