Short answers, pulled from the story.
The Kingdom of Naples began in 1302 following the Peace of Caltabellotta treaty. This agreement divided the old Kingdom of Sicily and left the mainland portion under Angevin control with its capital at Naples.
Queen Joanna I of Naples ruled from 1382 until her death in 1435. Her childless status triggered a dynastic crisis that led to her murder by Charles III of Naples in 1382.
Heavy taxation funded Spanish wars throughout the seventeenth century and caused public debt to quintuple by 1647. Fifty-seven percent of all revenue went toward interest payments on borrowed money, leading the people of Naples to rise in revolt against this crushing economic burden.
Formal unification occurred in 1816 after persisting constitutional separation despite personal union with other kingdoms. The arrangement had begun when Ferdinand IV inherited Naples and Sicily from his father Charles in 1759.
Astronomer Giovanni Battista Zupi observed Mercury phases between 1590 and 1650 while mathematician Aloysius Lilius created the Gregorian calendar during the sixteenth century. Physicist Giovanni Alfonso Borelli studied Jupiter moons from 1608 to 1679 and natural historian Giuseppe Maria Giovene worked across biology and geology from 1753 to 1837.