Short answers, pulled from the story.
The Kingdom of Naples was a state that ruled the part of the Italian Peninsula south of the Papal States from 1282 to 1816. It was established following the War of the Sicilian Vespers and ended when it formally merged with the Kingdom of Sicily to form the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies.
The Angevin rulers who retained the mainland after the 1282 Sicilian Vespers revolt continued using the name Kingdom of Sicily. The Peace of Caltabellotta in 1302 gave the mainland kingdom the formal title Kingdom of Sicily Citra Farum, meaning on this side of the lighthouse at the Strait of Messina. Historians later settled on Kingdom of Naples, after its capital, though no government officially adopted that name.
Ferdinand II of Aragon was in full control of the Kingdom of Naples by 1504, after Spanish troops led by Gonzalo Fernandez de Cordova expelled the French from Calabria and Apulia during the conflict that began in 1502. France formally surrendered its claims by the Treaty of Cateau-Cambrésis in 1559.
Excessive taxation imposed to fund Spain's wars drove the people of Naples to revolt in 1647, establishing a short-lived Neapolitan Republic with French assistance. From 1612 to 1646, Neapolitan taxes had tripled and the public debt had quintupled, with 57 percent of the kingdom's revenue devoted to interest payments alone.
Napoleon installed his brother Joseph as King of Naples in 1806 after French victories at Austerlitz and Campo Tenese. When Joseph was sent to Spain, Napoleon's sister Caroline and her husband Marshal Joachim Murat took over. Murat was eventually defeated by Austria at the Battle of Tolentino in 1815, captured, and executed by firing squad in Pizzo, Calabria.
Aloysius Lilius, born around 1510, was the principal creator of the Gregorian calendar. Giordano Bruno, born in 1548, was tried for heresy for advocating the Copernican model. Giovanni Battista Zupi, born around 1590, was the first astronomer to observe the phases of Mercury. Giovanni Alfonso Borelli, born in 1608, conducted pioneering work on the moons of Jupiter, animal mechanics, and the microscopic structure of blood.