Short answers, pulled from the story.
The Kingdom of Hungary was founded around 1000 with the coronation of Stephen I at Esztergom on Christmas Day. Stephen, originally named Vajk before his baptism, was the son of the principal Géza and the first ruler of the Árpád dynasty, which led the monarchy for 300 years.
The Ottoman victory at the Battle of Mohács in 1526 split Hungary into three parts: Royal Hungary in the north and west under the Habsburgs, Ottoman Hungary in the central territories, and the semi-independent Eastern Hungarian Kingdom, which later became the Principality of Transylvania. This division lasted until the end of the 17th century.
The Treaty of Trianon in 1920 ceded 72 percent of the kingdom's territory to neighboring states including Romania, Czechoslovakia, and the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes. More than 3.3 million ethnic Hungarians were left outside the new Hungarian borders, and Hungary lost 84 percent of its timber resources and every gold, silver, copper, mercury, and salt mine.
Matthias Corvinus was king of Hungary from 1458 to 1490 and is considered the monarch of Hungary's golden age. Known as Matthias the Just, he built the Black Army of Hungary, improved the economy, practised astute diplomacy, and from 1485 until his death occupied Vienna to limit Habsburg interference in Hungarian affairs.
The Austro-Hungarian dual monarchy lasted from the Austro-Hungarian Compromise of 1867 until 1918, a period of roughly fifty years. During that time, GNP per capita grew approximately 1.45 percent per year from 1870 to 1913, a rate that compared favorably to Britain, France, and Germany.
The Kingdom of Hungary ended in 1946 under Soviet occupation, when the form of government was changed to a republic. Although the monarchy had nominally been restored in 1920 under the regency of Miklós Horthy, the last king Charles IV had been deposed in 1918 and died in 1921 after two failed attempts to reclaim the throne.