Short answers, pulled from the story.
Aethelstan became the first king of the Kingdom of England on the 12th of July 927. Monarchs from across Britain gathered at Eamont Bridge in Cumbria to recognize him as ruler. This event marked the end of centuries where seven separate Anglo-Saxon kingdoms fought for dominance.
William the Conqueror landed in Sussex on the 28th of September 1066 with an invasion force. He crowned himself king inside Westminster Abbey on the 25th of December 1066. The English fyrd army fell against Norman cavalry and Harold Godwinson died in the battle.
Calais was lost in 1558 during the reign of Philip and Mary I. It remained the only English town on the continent until that time. Hostility toward France helped forge an English identity distinct from Norman lords.
Charles I faced trial and execution in January 1649 following royal defeat in 1645. The Rump Parliament declared England a Commonwealth on the 19th of May 1649. Monarchy and House of Lords were abolished while Commons became sole legislative chamber.
The Acts of Union created the Kingdom of Great Britain effective the 1st of May 1707. English and Scottish parliaments merged into Parliament of Great Britain located in Westminster. England ceased to exist as separate political entity at this moment.