Short answers, pulled from the story.
The Kingdom of England was officially unified on the 12th of July 927 when monarchs gathered at Eamont Bridge to recognize Aethelstan as the first Anglo-Saxon ruler of the whole of England.
William the Conqueror, Duke of Normandy, landed in Sussex on the 28th of September 1066 to claim the throne, defeating Harold Godwinson at the Battle of Hastings on the 14th of October 1066.
Edward III became the first English king to claim the throne of France, initiating the Hundred Years War which lasted from 1337 to 1453 and ended with England retaining only Calais.
The Kingdom of England ceased to exist as a separate political entity on the 1st of May 1707 following the Acts of Union which created the Kingdom of Great Britain.
Henry VIII overthrew the power of the Catholic Church within the kingdom during the 1530s, replacing the pope as head of his own English Church and seizing Catholic Church lands.
The Glorious Revolution of 1688 legally established that an English monarch cannot govern without the consent of Parliament, ending the Stuart kings' overestimation of monarchical power.