Short answers, pulled from the story.
The Kingdom of England was founded on the 12th of July 927, when the monarchs of Britain gathered at Eamont Bridge, in what is now Cumbria, to recognise Æthelstan as king of the English. Æthelstan had just conquered the last remaining Viking kingdom, York, making him the first Anglo-Saxon ruler of all England.
The Kingdom of England ended on the 1st of May 1707, when the Acts of Union 1707 merged the parliaments of England and Scotland into the Parliament of Great Britain. A Treaty of Union had been agreed on the 22nd of July 1706, driven largely by England's need to secure the Protestant succession in Scotland and Scotland's desire to remove English trade sanctions.
The Battle of Hastings on the 14th of October 1066 ended Anglo-Saxon rule and began the Norman Conquest. Harold and his two brothers were killed, and William the Bastard, Duke of Normandy, was crowned on the 25th of December 1066 in Westminster Abbey. The conquest transferred the English capital from Winchester to Westminster and shifted the royal language and nobility from Anglo-Saxon to Norman French.
Charles I was executed in January 1649 after Parliament defeated him in the Civil War of 1641-1645. The conflict established the precedent that an English monarch cannot govern without Parliament's consent, a principle made legally binding by the Glorious Revolution of 1688. The monarchy was abolished entirely between 1649 and 1660, during which England was governed first as a Commonwealth and then under Oliver Cromwell as Lord Protector.
Alfred the Great retook London from the Danish Vikings in 886 and adopted the title King of the Anglo-Saxons to reflect his authority over both Wessex and western Mercia. He rebuilt the nearly deserted Roman walled city of London, constructed new quays along the Thames, and laid out a new street plan. His son Edward the Elder and grandson Æthelstan completed the unification of England that Alfred's campaigns had made possible.
Henry VIII oversaw the English Reformation in the 1530s, replacing the Pope as head of the Church in England and seizing the Catholic Church's lands. He also enacted the Laws in Wales Acts 1535-1542, incorporating Wales fully into England and giving it parliamentary representation. In 1542, he was declared King of Ireland by the Parliament of Ireland, extending English royal authority across the archipelago.