Short answers, pulled from the story.
The Khilafat Movement was a political campaign launched by South Asian Muslims in British India from 1919 to 1922, protesting British and Allied policy toward the Ottoman Empire after World War I. Its leaders sought to preserve the Ottoman caliphate and used mass civil disobedience to pressure the colonial government.
Key leaders included Maulana Muhammad Ali Johar, Maulana Shaukat Ali, Maulana Abul Kalam Azad, Hakim Ajmal Khan, and Hasrat Mohani. Mahatma Gandhi, Vallabhbhai Patel, and Bal Gangadhar Tilak also supported the movement from within the Indian National Congress.
Gandhi supported the movement as part of his broader opposition to British rule, linking the Muslim grievances over the caliphate to the Congress goal of Swaraj, or self-rule. In 1920 he forged a formal alliance with Khilafat leaders to pursue both causes simultaneously through non-cooperation.
The movement ended in 1922 following the collapse of the non-cooperation campaign. The caliphate itself was abolished by the Republic of Turkey in 1924, removing the movement's founding cause entirely.
Jinnah did not join the movement; he warned against entangling the secular independence movement with the religious aims of the Khilafat cause. When the Congress disregarded those warnings, Jinnah left the party. He later became the principal leader of the Pakistan Movement.
The All India Khilafat Committee was the central organising body of the movement, based in Lucknow at a compound known as Hathe Shaukat Ali. It published the Khilafat Manifesto in 1920, calling on Britain to protect the caliphate and urging Indian Muslims to hold the government accountable.