Short answers, pulled from the story.
The Assize of Clarendon mandated that juries investigate crimes throughout England in 1166. This decree established a system where ordinary community members testified under oath about local crimes before the Norman Conquest.
A petit jury typically consists of up to fifteen people who hear evidence in a trial. Grand juries contain between sixteen and twenty-three jurors and determine whether enough evidence exists for a criminal trial to proceed.
Women were no longer excluded from jury service in England after 1919. Property qualifications remained until later decades, but this change allowed them to serve on juries alongside men.
Brazil stands alone among nations with jury systems by prohibiting juror deliberation under the incommunicability rule. Brazilian jurors vote individually in secret to decide verdicts regarding willful crimes against life.
In 1728, a Scottish jury acquitted Carnegie of Finhaven despite clear evidence of killing the Earl of Strathmore. This case demonstrated the power of juries to render verdicts contrary to facts or evidence presented during a trial.