Short answers, pulled from the story.
Jupiter is the fifth planet from the Sun and the largest in the Solar System. It is a gas giant with a mass nearly 2.5 times that of all the other planets combined, and slightly less than one-thousandth the mass of the Sun. It orbits the Sun once every 11.86 years.
Jupiter is about eleven times wider than Earth and 318 times its mass, with a volume 1,321 times that of Earth. Its single largest storm, the Great Red Spot, is itself larger than the entire planet Earth.
The Great Red Spot is a persistent anticyclonic storm located 22 degrees south of Jupiter's equator, first observed in 1831 and possibly as early as 1665. It rotates counterclockwise about every six days and is larger than Earth, though it has been shrinking over time. In October 2021 a Juno flyby measured its depth at around 300 to 500 km.
Jupiter has at least 115 known natural satellites, though only 16 are larger than 10 km in diameter. The four largest are the Galilean moons Ganymede, Callisto, Io, and Europa, and Ganymede is larger than the planet Mercury.
Jupiter's magnetic field is the strongest of any planet in the Solar System, generated by eddy currents within its fluid, metallic hydrogen core. Its radio emissions, first detected by Bernard Burke and Kenneth Franklin in 1955, can exceed the radio output of the Sun when Earth crosses the emission cone.
Jupiter is believed to be the oldest planet in the Solar System, forming just one million years after the Sun and roughly 50 million years before Earth. It formed at or beyond the snow line, building a solid core first and then gathering its gaseous atmosphere, reaching its final mass in three to four million years.
Jupiter was first visited by Pioneer 10 in 1973 and has since been studied by nine robotic probes. The Galileo orbiter reached Jupiter on the 7th of December 1995, and NASA's Juno mission arrived on the 4th of July 2016, sending back the first-ever images of Jupiter's north pole.