Short answers, pulled from the story.
The Constitutional Court of Russia sits with eleven judges who must retire by age seventy after serving twelve-year terms. Candidates for this court need at least fifteen years of legal experience and a recognized high qualification in law.
Cassation courts became operational on the 1st of October 2019, adding another layer of review for district-level decisions. This development allows for additional scrutiny of lower court rulings within the hierarchical structure.
Transparency International found that seventy-eight percent of respondents did not expect to find justice in courts. Skeptical juries often face dismissal near verdicts while higher courts frequently overturn their rulings.
The President nominates candidates but the Federation Council holds the power to appoint them to the Constitutional Court of Russia. These judges serve twelve-year terms and must retire by age seventy.
As of 2018, there were roughly 49.4 advocates per one hundred thousand people in Russia. To become an advocate, candidates must pass both written computer testing and oral examinations administered by commissions.