Short answers, pulled from the story.
Judaea was formally annexed as a Roman province in 6 AD, after Emperor Augustus dismissed Herod Archelaus following an appeal from his own subjects against his brutal misrule. The province existed from 6 AD to 135 AD, when it was renamed Syria Palaestina after the Bar Kokhba revolt.
The First Jewish-Roman War began in 66 AD after clashes between Jews and Greeks in Caesarea, followed by the Roman procurator Gessius Florus seizing funds from the Temple in Jerusalem and carrying out massacres of the city's inhabitants. A Temple captain then halted sacrifices offered on behalf of the emperor, and the Roman garrison in Jerusalem was killed.
Roman forces under Titus, commanding an army of around 50,000 soldiers, laid a five-month siege to Jerusalem in 70 AD. After breaching the city walls, Roman troops stormed the Temple Mount in the summer of 70 AD and destroyed the Second Temple, reducing Jerusalem to ruins.
Simon bar Kokhba led the Bar Kokhba revolt, which began in 132 AD and was the final major Jewish uprising against Roman rule. The revolt was triggered by Hadrian's plan to build a pagan Roman colony called Aelia Capitolina on the ruins of Jerusalem. Bar Kokhba briefly established an independent Jewish state before Roman forces crushed the revolt; he died at the fall of Betar in 135 AD.
After the revolt's suppression in 135 AD, Hadrian renamed the province Syria Palaestina and banned Jews from Jerusalem and its surrounding areas. Judea proper was heavily depopulated, with many Jews sold into slavery. The remaining Jewish population concentrated mainly in Galilee, the Golan, and coastal plain cities.
Only six governors of Judaea issued coins for local use, all minted in Jerusalem. Each coin was a prutah, a small bronze coin averaging 2 to 2.5 grams. Most carried images of palm trees and grain rather than the emperor's portrait, to accommodate Jewish religious sensibilities; Pontius Pilate was the main exception, including Roman cultic symbols on his issues. Minting of provincial coins ended in 59 AD.