Questions about Joseph Bonaparte
Short answers, pulled from the story.
Who was Joseph Bonaparte and why is he historically significant?
Joseph Bonaparte, born Giuseppe Buonaparte on the 7th of January 1768, was a French lawyer, diplomat, and statesman who served as King of Naples from 1806 to 1808 and King of Spain from 1808 to 1813. He was the older brother of Napoleon Bonaparte. After Napoleon's fall, he lived in the United States for much of the period 1817-1832, becoming a prominent figure in American intellectual circles.
What reforms did Joseph Bonaparte introduce as King of Naples?
As King of Naples, Joseph abolished feudal privileges and taxes, suppressed monastic orders and nationalized their property, established girls' colleges in every province, installed the first public street-lighting system in Naples modelled on Paris, and built roads including the long-delayed Calabrian road. He doubled royal revenue from seven to fourteen million ducats during his two-year reign without raising taxes.
Why was Joseph Bonaparte so unpopular as King of Spain?
Joseph's arrival as a foreign sovereign in 1808 triggered a massive Spanish revolt and the Peninsular War. Opponents nicknamed him Pepe Botella, falsely accusing him of heavy drinking, though he was abstemious. His French birth, Masonic lodge membership, and association with a government seen as hostile to the Catholic Church and local privileges meant most Spanish people never accepted him as legitimate.
Where did Joseph Bonaparte live after Napoleon's defeat?
After escaping to the United States aboard the vessel Commerce in 1815, Joseph lived primarily in the United States from 1817 to 1832. He settled in New York City and Philadelphia before purchasing the Point Breeze estate in Bordentown, New Jersey, on the east side of the Delaware River. He moved to London in 1832 and died in Florence, Italy, in 1844; his remains were later buried in Les Invalides in Paris.
What was the Point Breeze estate that Joseph Bonaparte built in New Jersey?
Point Breeze was an estate in Bordentown, New Jersey, formerly owned by Stephen Sayre, that Joseph Bonaparte purchased and greatly expanded after arriving in the United States. He built extensive gardens in the picturesque style and, after a fire destroyed the first house in January 1820, constructed a second residence described by contemporaries as the second-finest house in America after the White House. He filled it with paintings by Titian, Rubens, and Van Dyck and entertained leading intellectuals and politicians there.
What was Joseph Bonaparte's role in Freemasonry?
Joseph Bonaparte was admitted to the Marseille lodge la Parfaite Sincerite in 1793. He served as Grand Master of the Grand Orient of France from 1804 to 1815 at Napoleon's request, and in 1809 he founded the Grand Lodge National of Spain. Together with Cambaceres, he helped revive French Freemasonry after the Revolution.