Short answers, pulled from the story.
The first term used to describe manga aimed at adult women was ladies' comics. This phrase is a wasei-eigo construction where the word ladies functions as a synonym for women and indicated an adult-focused audience from its inception in the 1980s.
Academics introduced the term josei in the late 1990s to distinguish all manga aimed at adult women from shōjo manga. While not commonly used among general Japanese audiences, it remains the term most commonly used by Western audiences to describe this category.
The women's magazine Josei Seven published the first gekiga manga aimed at a female audience in 1968. Miyako Maki created the work titled The Story of a Woman Who Became a Mother within that publication.
By 1991 there were 48 josei magazines in Japan. The number rose from eight magazines in 1984 to 19 in 1985 before reaching that total count three years later.
Pornography composed the remaining 20 percent of josei collected volume market sales in 2002. Drama and romance titles collectively represented roughly 80 percent of those sales during that same year.