Short answers, pulled from the story.
John Foster Dulles was an American lawyer, politician, and diplomat who served as U.S. Secretary of State under President Dwight D. Eisenhower from 1953 until his resignation on the 15th of April, 1959. He was a leading architect of Cold War strategy, designing the doctrines of massive retaliation and brinkmanship, founding the Southeast Asia Treaty Organization, and helping instigate coups in Iran and Guatemala.
Brinkmanship is the Cold War strategy of pushing a dangerous confrontation to the edge of war to force an adversary to back down. Dulles defined it in Life magazine as "the ability to get to the verge without getting into the war is the necessary art."
In March 1953, Dulles supported Eisenhower's decision to direct the CIA, then headed by his brother Allen Dulles, to draft plans to overthrow Iranian Prime Minister Mohammed Mossadegh. The resulting Operation Ajax restored Mohammad Reza Pahlavi to power.
Dulles served in the U.S. Senate for approximately four months, from the 7th of July to the 8th of November, 1949. Governor Thomas Dewey appointed him to replace Democrat Robert F. Wagner, but Dulles lost the subsequent special election to Herbert H. Lehman.
Dulles International Airport in Dulles, Virginia was named in honor of John Foster Dulles following his death in 1959. Schools in Sugar Land, Texas; Cincinnati, Ohio; and Chicago, Illinois also bear his name, as does the Dulles State Office Building in Watertown, New York.
Dulles died of colon cancer at Walter Reed Army Medical Center on the 24th of May, 1959, at the age of 71. He had first been operated on for the cancer in November 1956, resigned from office on the 15th of April, 1959 after bone metastasis became evident, and was buried at Arlington National Cemetery.