Short answers, pulled from the story.
Deuteronomy 7:6 states that the Lord chose the Israelites not because they were numerous or powerful, but simply because He loved them and kept an oath sworn to their ancestors. This passage describes the people as a holy nation, a treasure people, and heritage people found in Exodus 19:6.
Albert Einstein explained in a German-language letter dated the 3rd of January 1954 that he rejected religious belief and the idea that Jews are chosen. He described the Bible as a collection of honorable but primitive legends and stated that for him the Jewish people had no different quality than all other people.
Conservative Judaism emphasized in its 1988 Statement of Principles that chosenness is not innate superiority but a covenantal responsibility. Rabbi Reuven Hammer commented in 2003 on the excised sentence in the Aleinu prayer clarifying that even historically polemical liturgical phrases were about monotheism over paganism.
Reconstructionist Judaism rejects the concept of chosenness entirely stating it is morally untenable because anyone with such beliefs implies the superiority of the elect community. Marcia Falk wrote that valuing one people over others is analogous to privileging one sex over another.
Natan'el al-Fayyumi was a Yemenite Jewish theologian of the 12th century who theorized that God permitted to every people something He forbade to others. The Mishnah states that humanity was produced from one man Adam to show God's greatness noting that when the King of Kings creates people no two are similar.