Short answers, pulled from the story.
The Merneptah Stele, dated to approximately 1200 BCE, bears the earliest known inscription mentioning a people called Israel. This artifact places the emergence of ancient Israel within the central highlands of Canaan during the Iron Age.
During the Black Death in the mid-fourteenth century Jews were accused of poisoning wells which led to the destruction of many communities. Expulsions from England in 1290 pushed Ashkenazi Jewish populations eastward into Poland Lithuania and Russia.
Six million Jews in total were systematically murdered during this genocide known as the Holocaust. Three million Jews were murdered in gas chambers within concentration camps located in Poland alone while one million died at the Auschwitz camp complex by itself.
On the 14th of May 1948 David Ben-Gurion declared the creation of the State of Israel upon termination of the mandate. Citizenship was granted to Jews worldwide via the Law of Return passed in 1950.
Jewish diaspora communities coalesced into three major ethnic subdivisions including Ashkenazim who developed their culture in the Rhineland region Sephardim who trace their roots to the Iberian Peninsula and Mizrahim who encompass diverse groups from North Africa Central Asia Caucasus and the Middle East.