Short answers, pulled from the story.
JAXA was founded on the 1st of October 2003 through the merger of three organizations: the Institute of Space and Astronautical Science, the National Aerospace Laboratory of Japan, and the National Space Development Agency of Japan. It was established as an Independent Administrative Institution administered by Japan's Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology.
Hayabusa returned asteroid samples to Earth on the 13th of June 2010, making it the world's first spacecraft to do so and the first to complete a round trip to a celestial body farther from Earth than the Moon. Its target was the near-Earth asteroid 25143 Itokawa, where it landed in November 2005.
Japan became the fifth country to soft-land on the Moon when SLIM touched down on the 19th of January 2024 at 15:20 UTC. SLIM also achieved the world's first pinpoint lunar landing, touching down just 55 meters from its target site.
The H3 is a medium-lift liquid-fueled launch vehicle that JAXA began operating in 2023 as the replacement for the H-IIA and H-IIB. Unlike the H-IIA, which was an improved derivative of the H-II, the H3 was designed from a completely new configuration and uses an expander bleed cycle for its first stage engine, the first time this approach was used in the world.
Kibō is the Japanese Experiment Module aboard the International Space Station and is the station's largest module. JAXA has resupplied the ISS using HTV cargo spacecraft since 2009 and is one of five space agencies participating in the ISS program. Since 1992, eleven members of the JAXA Astronaut Corps have flown aboard the Space Shuttle, Soyuz, and Dragon 2.
The Martian Moons eXploration mission, known as MMX, is scheduled to launch in December 2026. Its primary goal is to determine the origin of the Martian moons by collecting samples from Phobos and returning them to Earth, while also conducting remote sensing observations of Deimos.