Short answers, pulled from the story.
James Chadwick was a British experimental physicist, born in Cheshire on the 20th of October 1891 and died on the 24th of July 1974. He is known for his discovery of the neutron, for which he received the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1935.
James Chadwick discovered the neutron in 1932. In February 1932 he sent a letter to Nature titled "Possible Existence of a Neutron," and in May he published a fuller account in the Proceedings of the Royal Society A titled "The Existence of a Neutron."
James Chadwick won the Hughes Medal in 1932, the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1935, the Copley Medal in 1950, and the Franklin Medal in 1951. He was also knighted in the New Year Honours on the 1st of January 1945.
James Chadwick wrote the final draft of the MAUD Report in July 1941, which inspired the U.S. government to begin serious atomic bomb research. He headed the British Mission to the Manhattan Project and served as technical advisor to the Combined Policy Committee, and he viewed the Trinity nuclear test on the 16th of July 1945.
James Chadwick studied at Victoria University of Manchester, graduating with First Class Honours in 1911, and later earned his Ph.D. at Gonville and Caius College, Cambridge, in June 1921. His mentor was Ernest Rutherford, whom he followed to the Cavendish Laboratory.
James Chadwick believed nuclear physics required the cyclotron, and after Rutherford refused to acquire one for the Cavendish, Chadwick moved to Liverpool in 1935 and built one there. The cyclotron was installed and running by July 1939, and he paid part of its 5,184 pound cost from his Nobel Prize money.