Short answers, pulled from the story.
The Merneptah Stele, an ancient Egyptian monument dated to the late 13th century BCE, bears the earliest known archaeological reference to Israel as a collective entity. This artifact predates biblical narratives and confirms that a group called Israel existed in the Levant during the Bronze Age collapse.
King Nebuchadnezzar II destroyed Jerusalem and Solomon's Temple in 587/6 BCE after a revolt in Judah. He exiled much of the Judean elite to Babylon before Cyrus the Great issued a proclamation allowing exiled Judeans to return after capturing Babylon in 539 BCE.
Rising Nazism and persecution in 1930s Europe caused the Fifth Aliyah, bringing a quarter million Jews. This influx triggered the Arab revolt of 1936, 39, which was suppressed by British security forces and Zionist militias.
David Ben-Gurion declared establishment of Jewish state Eretz-Israel day before expiration British Mandate the 14th of May 1948. Following day armies four Arab countries Egypt Syria Transjordan Iraq entered what had been Mandatory Palestine launching 1948 Arab, Israeli War.
Israel captured occupied West Bank Jordan Gaza Strip Sinai Peninsula Egypt Golan Heights Syria during the Six-Day War. Israeli forces expelled approximately three hundred thousand Palestinians from Gaza Strip and West Bank while Jerusalem boundaries enlarged incorporating East Jerusalem.
On the 7th of October 2023 Palestinian militant groups Gaza led Hamas launched series coordinated attacks Israel leading start Gaza war. Day approximately thirteen hundred Israelis predominantly civilians killed communities near Gaza Strip border music festival and over two hundred hostages kidnapped taken Gaza Strip.