Short answers, pulled from the story.
The word Islamism first appeared in English as Islamismus in 1696 and later as Islamism in 1712. By the turn of the twentieth century, the shorter Arabic term Islam had displaced it from common usage.
Egyptian schoolteacher Hassan al-Banna founded the Muslim Brotherhood movement in Ismailiyah, Egypt in 1928 with the motto The Qur'an is our constitution. Al-Banna provided basic community services including schools, mosques, and workshops while seeking Islamic revival through preaching.
Ayatollah Khomeini's concept of Islamic government brought global attention to the new usage of Islamism after the Encyclopaedia of Islam completed by Orientalist scholars in 1938 marked a point where the term virtually disappeared from Western vocabulary. He executed more than 3,400 political dissidents between June 1981 and March 1982 during consolidation of power.
Since the 1960s, Saudis have funnelled over USD 100 billion into funding schools and mosques worldwide spreading puritanical Wahhabi Islam. More than 1500 mosques were built and paid for with public Saudi funds over last 50 years alone.
Jihadist organizations like al-Qaeda and Egyptian Islamic Jihad entirely reject democracy seeing it as kufr or disbelief calling for offensive jihad on religious basis. They pursue establishment of new Caliphate through Salafist-jihadist ideology which combines literal interpretations of scripture with promotion of fighting against military and civilian targets.