Short answers, pulled from the story.
The Cheraman Juma Mosque was built in the year 629 CE and was commissioned by the last ruler of the Chera dynasty known as the Cheraman Perumal. This structure stands as the oldest mosque in India and possibly the first in the entire subcontinent.
A seventeen-year-old general named Muhammad bin Qasim led an army into the Indian subcontinent in the year 712 CE to conquer Sindh. This campaign was launched by the Umayyad Caliphate following repeated raids by local pirates on Arab ships.
The Delhi Sultanate was established in the year 1206 CE by the slaves of the Ghurid dynasty. During this era India began to widely adopt mechanical technologies from the Islamic world including water-raising wheels with gears and pulleys machines with cams and cranks papermaking technology and the spinning wheel.
The Mughal Empire became the world's largest economy in the 17th century and produced about a quarter of the world's economic and industrial output. This economic dominance was driven by policies that mandated taxes be paid in well-regulated silver currency and derived most revenues from agriculture.
The partition of British India occurred in the year 1947 with the Indian Independence Act 1947 deciding the 15th of August 1947 as the appointed date for the partition. The partition resulted in the displacement of up to 12.5 million people with estimates of loss of life varying from several hundred thousand to a million.
India is home to the world's third-largest Muslim population with approximately 172.2 million people identifying as adherents of Islam in the 2011 census. This group constitutes 14.2% of the country's total population.