Short answers, pulled from the story.
The term internationalization was coined at Digital Equipment Corporation in the 1970s or 1980s. This abbreviation i18n represents the 18 letters between the first i and the last n in the word internationalization.
Lotus 1-2-3 spent two years separating its program code from its text in the early 1980s. This decision ultimately caused the software to lose its market leadership in Europe to Microsoft Multiplan.
The Common Locale Data Repository by Unicode provides a collection of differences used by major operating systems including Microsoft Windows, macOS, and Debian. It ensures that modern systems can represent many different languages with a single character encoding.
The Italian version of Microsoft Office used CTRL + S for sottolineato instead of the universal Save function. This resulted in users losing their work or becoming confused about the software functionality before the advent of AutoSave.
Bull used machine translation specifically Systran on a large scale for all their translation activity in the 1990s. Human translators handled pre-editing to make the input machine-readable and post-editing to ensure quality.