Short answers, pulled from the story.
The International Committee of the Red Cross was founded in 1863 following Henry Dunant's reports on the Battle of Solferino. This event marked the beginning of systematic efforts to prevent the suffering of war victims.
The Geneva Conventions of 1949 form the core legal basis for protecting non-combatants in armed conflict through four separate conventions. The first protects wounded and sick members of armed forces in the field, the second covers those at sea, the third addresses prisoners of war, and the fourth focuses on civilian persons in time of war.
As of January 2007, Protocol I had been ratified by 167 countries while Protocol II had been ratified by 163 countries. These protocols were adopted in 1977 to extend protections to international and non-international conflicts.
The Ottawa Treaty of 1997 completely bans the stockpiling and use of all anti-personnel land mines except for limited training purposes. Unexploded land mines have caused up to 7,000 deaths a year long after conflicts end with an estimated 98% of victims being civilian.
UN Security Council Resolution 1325 aims to improve the participation of women in post-conflict peacebuilding while Resolutions 1888 and 1889 enhance protection against sexual violations. Women must be protected from rape forced prostitution and any form of indecent assault under Geneva Convention provisions.